环境准备
pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
pip install pygments # 用于代码高亮
开始项目
创建项目
和创建普通 django 项目一样创建一个新项目,名称为”tutorial”。
cd ~
django-admin.py startproject tutorial
cd tutorial
然后,再创建一个名为”snippets”的 app
python manage.py startapp snippets
配置项目
将 snippets
和 rest_framework
添加到 setting.py
文件的 INSTALL_APP
里面去,即打开 tutorial/setting.py
文件,添加两项:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework',
'snippets',
)
然后再编辑
tutorial/urls.py
文件,我的配置是这样的:
urlpatterns = [
...
url(r'^snippets/$', resttest.views.snippet_list),
url(r'^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', resttest.views.snippet_detail),
]
编写项目
创建模型
这里只创建了一个名为 snippets
的模型,打开 snippets/models.py
,内容如下:
from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles
LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())
class Snippet(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
code = models.TextField()
linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES,
default='python',
max_length=100)
style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES,
default='friendly',
max_length=100)
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)
然后同步一下,
python manage.py makemigrations snippets
python manage.py migrate
创建系列化类
因为我们要实现的是 rest 风格的 api ,所以需要对对象进行序列化,最好是序列化成 json,那么这个过程就需要编写一个可以帮助我们序列化类的类,在 snippets
目录下创建一个名为 serializers.py 的 python 文件,内容如下:
from django.forms import widgets
from rest_framework import serializers
from resttest.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
pk = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)
code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})
linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)
language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')
style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')
def create(self, validated_data):
# Create and return a new Snippet instance, given the validated data.
return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# Update and return an existing Snippet instance, given the validated data.
instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)
instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)
instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)
instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)
instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)
instance.save()
return instance
编写视图
api 的核心处理单元就是视图了,现在就来编写视图的代码,打开 snippets/views.py
,内容如下:
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from resttest.models import Snippet
from resttest.serializers import SnippetSerializer
class JSONResponse(HttpResponse):
# An HttpResponse that renders its content into JSON.
def __init__(self, data, **kwargs):
content = JSONRenderer().render(data)
kwargs['content_type'] = 'application/json'
super(JSONResponse, self).__init__(content, **kwargs)
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
# List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
if request.method == 'GET':
snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'POST':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
# Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
try:
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
if request.method == 'GET':
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'PUT':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
elif request.method == 'DELETE':
snippet.delete()
return HttpResponse(status=204)
- JSONResponse 可以将我们的对象以 json 的形式返回给客户端
- snippet_list 将获取所有的 snippet 返回给客户端
- snippet_detail 查看一个 snippet 的详细信息,以帮助删除和修改等操作
csrf_exempt 因为我们支持 POST 类型,并且包含敏感字符,但是因为我们没有 csrf_token ,所以不能使用 django 的 csrf 防御机制,因此,这里需要使用这个装饰器进行处理。
测试项目
添加数据
切换到 tutorial 目录,然后使用命令: python manage.py shell
进入 django 交互式窗口,然后按照下面的内容输入:
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
snippet = Snippet(code='foo = barn')
snippet.save()
snippet = Snippet(code='print hello, worldn')
snippet.save()
完成!
启动服务并验证
切换到 tutorial 目录,然后使用命令:python manage.py runserver
打开浏览器,输入网址 : http://localhost:8000